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It’s All About Evidence—But What Is the Evidence?

Michael Cifone, PhD

Based on a paper that will be published in a UAP Studies anthology by Syracuse University Press.

  • Founding Executive Director & President – Society for UAP Studies
  • Editor, Limina: The Journal of UAP Studies
  • Lecturer in Philosophy, St. John's University, NYC
  • Research Fellow, Center for Advanced Studies, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg (Germany)

The Problem of Evidence

  • UAP research has relied on a forensic model: anecdotal reports, radar traces, etc.
  • This is historical science, not experimental science.
  • This approach is backward-looking and methodologically vague.

Shifting Toward Observational Science

  • Proposes a new model of direct, instrumented observation.
  • Treats historical reports as indicative, not conclusive.
  • This is a pivot from reactive cataloging to an active science of observation.

Existential Empiricism

  • Addresses the role of human experiencers.
  • Demands a radically open methodology that is neither reductionist nor credulous.
  • Treats experience as a real part of the evidentiary landscape.

Recommendations

  • Deploy multi-modal sensor arrays.
  • Support metadata standards for openness.
  • Bridge NLP and qualitative analysis of witness records.
  • Maintain archives of gray literature and observational data.
  • Support interdisciplinary and conceptual research.

Summary

  • UAP research requires a shift beyond a forensic model.
  • It demands a new science of direct observation.
  • It also needs a philosophical framework to understand the full scope of evidence.
  • Ultimately, the challenge may be to redefine what counts as evidence.

Thank You!

Michael Cifone, PhD

director@societyforuapstudies.org

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Selected Publications

UAP Studies:

  • (2025c) Excessive Remainder: Scientific Possibility, Epistemic Limits, and the UFO Experience. Mindfield Bulletin 17 (1).
  • (2025b) The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP) (with Kevin Knuth, Philippe Ailleris, Garry Nolan, Wes Watters, et al.); Progress in Aerospace Sciences 156, 101097.
  • (2025a) Editorial Limina: The Journal of UAP Studies 2(1): 6-11.
  • (2024) Editorial; Limina: The Journal of UAP Studies 1 (1): 3-7.
  • (2022) Transcendental Skepticism; The SCU Review, No. 11 (27 October).

Philosophy & Physics:

  • (2014) Nothingness and Science (A Propaedeutic), Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 10 (1): 253-274.
  • (2008b) Why Quantum Mechanics Favors Adynamical and Acausal Interpretations such as Relational Blockworld over Backwardly Causal and Time-Symmetric Rivals with Michael Silberstein and W.M. Stuckey, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 39 (4): 736-751.
  • (2008a) Reconciling Spacetime and the Quantum: Relational Blockworld and the Quantum Liar Paradox with W. M. Stuckey and Michael Silberstein; Foundations of Physics 38 (4): 348-383.
  • (2006) Deflating Quantum Mysteries via the Relational Blockworld, with W. M. Stuckey and Michael Silberstein; in Physics Essays 19 (2): 269-283.
  • (2007b) The Relational Blockworld Interpretation of Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics, with W.M. Stuckey and Michael Silberstein; in Foundations of Probability and Physics 4.